Metabolomic insights into the effects of seasonal shifts on the dynamic variation of non-volatile compounds of abalone (Haliotis discus hannai).

Abalone (Haliotis spp.) is a shellfish known for its exceptional nutritional value and significant economic worth. This study investigated the dynamic characteristics of non-volatile compounds over a year, including metabolites, lipids, nucleotides, and free amino acids (FAAs), which determined the nutritional quality and flavor of abalone. 174 metabolites and 371 lipids were identified and characterized, while 20 FAAs and 11 nucleotides were quantitatively assessed. These non-volatile compounds of abalone were fluctuated with months variation, which was consistent with the fluctuations of environmental factors, especially seawater temperature. Compared with seasonal variation, gender had less influence on these non-volatiles. June and July proved to be the optimal harvesting periods for abalone, with the levels of overall metabolites, lipids, FAAs, and nucleotides in abalone exhibiting a higher value in June and July over a year. Intriguingly, taurine covered 60% of the total FAAs and abalone could be used as dietary taurine supplementation.

A Novel Method for Tracking Neck Motions Using a Skin-Conformable Wireless Accelerometer: A Pilot Study.

Introduction: Cervical spine disease is a leading cause of pain and disability. Degenerative conditions of the spine can result in neurologic compression of the cervical spinal cord or nerve roots and may be surgically treated with an anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) in up to 137,000 people per year in the United States. A common sequelae of ACDF is reduced cervical range of motion (CROM) with patient-based complaints of stiffness and neck pain. Currently, tools for assessment of CROM are manual, subjective, and only intermittently utilized during doctor or physical therapy visits. We propose a skin-mountable acousto-mechanic sensor (ADvanced Acousto-Mechanic sensor; ADAM) as a tool for continuous neck motion monitoring in postoperative ACDF patients. We have developed and validated a machine learning neck motion classification algorithm to differentiate between eight neck motions (right/left rotation, right/left lateral bending, flexion, extension, retraction, protraction) in healthy normal subjects and patients. Methods: Sensor data from 12 healthy normal subjects and 5 patients were used to develop and validate a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). Results: An average algorithm accuracy of 80.0 ± 3.8% was obtained for healthy normal subjects (94% for right rotation, 98% for left rotation, 65% for right lateral bending, 87% for left lateral bending, 89% for flexion, 77% for extension, 50% for retraction, 84% for protraction). An average accuracy of 67.5 ± 5.8% was obtained for patients. Discussion: ADAM, with our algorithm, may serve as a rehabilitation tool for neck motion monitoring in postoperative ACDF patients. Sensor-captured vital signs and other events (extubation, vocalization, physical therapy, walking) are potential metrics to be incorporated into our algorithm to offer more holistic monitoring of patients after cervical spine surgery.

Use of artificial intelligence to develop predictive algorithms of cough and PCR-confirmed COVID-19 infections based on inputs from clinical-grade wearable sensors.

There have been over 769 million cases of COVID-19, and up to 50% of infected individuals are asymptomatic. The purpose of this study aimed to assess the use of a clinical-grade physiological wearable monitoring system, ANNE One, to develop an artificial intelligence algorithm for (1) cough detection and (2) early detection of COVID-19, through the retrospective analysis of prospectively collected physiological data from longitudinal wear of ANNE sensors in a multicenter single arm study of subjects at high risk for COVID-19 due to occupational or home exposures. The study employed a two-fold approach: cough detection algorithm development and COVID-19 detection algorithm development. For cough detection, healthy individuals wore an ANNE One chest sensor during scripted activity. The final performance of the algorithm achieved an F-1 score of 83.3% in twenty-seven healthy subjects during biomarker validation. In the COVID-19 detection algorithm, individuals at high-risk for developing COVID-19 because of recent exposures received ANNE One sensors and completed daily symptom surveys. An algorithm analyzing vital parameters (heart rate, respiratory rate, cough count, etc.) for early COVID-19 detection was developed. The COVID-19 detection algorithm exhibited a sensitivity of 0.47 and specificity of 0.72 for detecting COVID-19 in 325 individuals with recent exposures. Participants demonstrated high adherence (≥ 4 days of wear per week). ANNE One shows promise for detection of COVID-19. Inclusion of respiratory biomarkers (e.g., cough count) enhanced the algorithm's predictive ability. These findings highlight the potential value of wearable devices in early disease detection and monitoring.

Application of a water-energy-carbon coupling index to evaluate the long-term operational stability of the anaerobic-anoxic-oxic-membrane bioreactor (A2/O-MBR) process under the influence of rainstorms.

In the context of global climate change, sudden rainstorms and typhoons induce fluctuations in hydraulic shocks to wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in coastal areas, causing two challenges of stable effluent quality and low-carbon operation. We established a quantitative evaluation method for resistance of wastewater treatment processes to hydraulic shocks based on the water-energy-carbon nexus using operational data from a WWTP in southeast coastal China from July 2018 to December 2022. The effects of hydraulic shocks on the operational stability of the anaerobic-anoxic-oxic-membrane bioreactor (A2/O-MBR) process were analyzed following five steps. The results showed that the gray water footprint (GWF) of the process was 9.3% lower than that of the A2/O process. The energy footprint (ENF) and carbon footprint (CF) were approximately 2.1 times and 1.7 times higher than those of the A2/O process, respectively. The resistance to hydraulic shocks of the A2/O-MBR process is approximately 5.5 times higher than that of the A2/O process. In conclusion, the A2/O-MBR process exhibits higher process operational stability when subjected to hydraulic shocks, which is more conducive to the efficient and stable operation of WWTPs in rainstorm and typhoon-prone areas. The evaluation methodology provides qualitative technical support for selecting upgrading processes for WWTPs in different regions.

Unraveling the relationship between aroma characteristics and lipid profile of abalone (Haliotis discus hannai) during seasonal fluctuation and thermal processing.

Abalone, a highly sought-after aquatic product, possesses significant nutritional value. In this study, the relationship between aroma characteristics and lipid profile of abalone (Haliotis discus hannai) during seasonal fluctuation and thermal processing were profiled via volatolomics and lipidomics. 46 aroma compounds and 371 lipids were identified by HS-SPME-GC-MS and UPLC-Q-Extractive Orbitrap-MS, respectively. Multivariate statistical analysis indicated that carbonyls (aldehydes and ketones) and alcohols were the characteristic aroma compounds of abalone. The fluctuations in the aroma compound and lipid composition of abalone were consistent with the seasonal variation, especially seawater temperature. In addition, based on the correlation analysis, it was found that carbonyls (aldehydes and ketones) and alcohols had a positive correlation with phospholipids (lysophosphatidylethanolamines and lysophosphatidylcholines), while a negative correlation was observed with fatty acyls. These findings suggested that the effect of seasonal variations on the aroma changes of abalone might achieved by modulating the lipids composition of abalone.

The role of silver nanoparticles alone and combined with imipenem on Ccarbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae.

AIMS: Carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) infections poses a significant threat to human health, necessitating urgent development of new antimicrobial agents. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), which are among the most widely used engineered nanomaterials, have been extensively studied. However, the impact of AgNPs on CRKP and the potential for drug resistance development remain inadequately explored. METHODS AND RESULTS: In this study, broth dilution method was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined using the broth dilution method. Results indicated MIC values of 93.1 ± 193.3 µg ml-1 for AgNPs, 2.3 ± 5.1 µg ml-1 for AgNO3, and 25.1 ± 48.3 µg ml-1 for imipenem (IMI). The combined inhibitory effect of AgNPs and IMI on CRKP was assessed using the checkerboard method. Moreover, after 6-20 generations of continuous culture, the MIC value of AgNPs increased twofold. Compared to IMI, resistance of K. pneumoniae to AgNPs developed more slowly, with a higher fold increase in MIC observed after 20 generations. Whole-genome sequencing revealed four nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphism mutations in CRKP after 20 generations of AgNP treatment. CONCLUSION: We have demonstrated that AgNPs significantly inhibit CRKP isolates and enhance the antibacterial activity of imipenem against K. pneumoniae. Although the development of AgNP resistance is gradual, continued efforts are necessary for monitoring and studying the mechanisms of AgNP resistance.

CMTM6: A Critical Prognostic Indicator in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer.

While CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain containing 6 (CMTM6)'s role in stabilizing PD-L1 and immune evasion within tumors is established, its expression in lung cancer tissue and adjacent macrophages remains uncertain. The study aimed to elucidate this ambiguity by investigating CMTM6's role in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) prognosis. Employing immunohistochemical staining on 141 NSCLC and 110 adjacent normal lung tissue samples, CMTM6 expression was evaluated using the HSCORE system. Interestingly, NSCLC exhibited significantly higher CMTM6 levels (161.04±86.60) compared to normal tissues (71.20±45.10) (p < 0.001), detected not only in cancer cells but also in macrophages, lymphocytes, and nearby bronchial epithelial cells. Stratifying patients by CMTM6 levels unveiled a correlation between heightened expression and poorer overall survival (p = 0.003), alongside a link to tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) (p = 0.037), especially in cases with increased TIL. Multivariate analysis identified CMTM6 as an independent predictor of overall survival (p = 0.009), implying that elevated CMTM6 expression in NSCLC might signify an adverse prognostic marker for patient outcomes.

Exploring the metastasis-related biomarker and carcinogenic mechanism in liver cancer based on single cell technology.

Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a fatal primary malignancy characterized by high invasion and migration. We aimed to explore the underlying metastasis-related mechanism supporting the development of HCC. Methods: The dataset of single cell RNA-seq (GSE149614) were collected for cell clustering by using the Seurat R package, the FindAllMarkers function was used to find the highly expression and defined the cell cluster. The WebGestaltR package was used for the GO and KEGG function analysis of shared genes, the Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSVA) was performed by clusterProfiler R package, the hTFtarget database was used to identify the crucial transcription factors (TFs), the Genomics of Drug Sensitivity in Cancer (GDSC) database was used for the drug sensitivity analysis. Finally, the overexpression and trans-well assay was used for gene function analysis. Results: We obtained 9 cell clusters from the scRNA-seq data, including the nature killer (NK)/T cells, Myeloid cells, Hepatocytes, Epithelial cells, Endothelial cells, Plasma B cells, Smooth muscle cells, B cells, Liver bud hepatic cells. Further cell ecological analysis indicated that the Hepatocytes and Endothelial cell cluster were closely related to the cancer metastasis. Subsequently, the NDUFA4L2-Hepatocyte, GTSE1-Hepatocyte, ENTPD1-Endothelial and NDUFA4L2-Endothelial were defined as metastasis-supporting cell clusters, in which the NDUFA4L2-Hepatocyte cells was closely related to angiogenesis, while the NDUFA4L2-Endothelial was related with the inflammatory response and complement response. The overexpression and trans-well assay displayed that NDUFA4L2 exhibited clearly metastasis-promoting role in HCC progression. Conclusion: We identified and defined 4 metastasis-supporting cell clusters by using the single cell technology, the specify shared gene was observed and played crucial role in promoting cancer progression, our findings were expected to provide new insight in control cancer metastasis.

EtOS2K as a C1 Source: Solvent- and Temperature-Controlled Selective Synthesis of Quinoline-2-thione and Quinoline-2-one Derivatives.

Herein, we disclosed a highly chemoselective synthesis of quinoline-2-one and quinoline-2-thione derivatives using EtOS2K as the C1 source. Quinoline-2-one derivatives were synthesized selectively with NaCl as a catalyst in the solvent DMSO/H2O, while quinoline-2-thione derivatives were produced without the need for any catalyst in an environmentally friendly solvent EtOH/H2O. The reaction conditions were mild and had good functional group tolerance.

Mitophagy protects against silver nanoparticle-induced hepatotoxicity by inhibiting mitochondrial ROS and the NLRP3 inflammasome.

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have wide clinical applications because of their excellent antibacterial properties; however, they can cause liver inflammation in animals. Macrophages are among the main cells mediating inflammation and are also responsible for the phagocytosis of nanomaterials. The NLRP3 inflammasome is a major mechanism of inflammation, and its activation both induces cytokine release and triggers inflammatory cell death (i.e., pyroptosis). In previous studies, we demonstrated that mitophagy activation plays a protective role against AgNP-induced hepatotoxicity. However, the exact molecular mechanisms underlying these processes are not fully understood. In this study, we demonstrate that AgNP exposure induces NLRP3 inflammasome activation, mitochondrial damage and pyroptosis in vivo and in vitro. NLRP3 silencing or inhibiting mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction reduces PINK1-Parkin-mediated mitophagy. Meanwhile, the inhibition of mitophagy ROS production, mitochondrial, NLRP3-mediated inflammation, and pyroptosis in RAW264.7 cells were more pronounced than in the control group. These results suggest that PINK1-Parkin-mediated mitophagy plays a protective role by reducing AgNP-induced mitochondrial ROS and subsequent NLRP3 inflammasome activation.

Physical therapy for acute and sub-acute low back pain: A systematic review and expert consensus.

OBJECTIVE: To review the effectiveness of different physical therapies for acute and sub-acute low back pain supported by evidence, and create clinical recommendations and expert consensus for physiotherapists on clinical prescriptions. DATA SOURCES: A systematic search was conducted in PubMed and the Cochrane Library for studies published within the previous 15 years. REVIEW METHODS: Systematic review and meta-analysis, randomized controlled trials assessing patients with acute and sub-acute low back pain were included. Two reviewers independently screened relevant studies using the same inclusion criteria. The Physiotherapy Evidence Database and the Assessment of Multiple Systematic Reviews tool were used to grade the quality assessment of randomized controlled trials and systematic reviews, respectively. The final recommendation grades were based on the consensus discussion results of the Delphi of 22 international experts. RESULTS: Twenty-one systematic reviews and 21 randomized controlled trials were included. Spinal manipulative therapy and low-level laser therapy are recommended for acute low back pain. Core stability exercise/motor control, spinal manipulative therapy, and massage can be used to treat sub-acute low back pain. CONCLUSIONS: The consensus statements provided medical staff with appliable recommendations of physical therapy for acute and sub-acute low back pain. This consensus statement will require regular updates after 5-10 years.

Boosted Electrocatalytic Degradation of Levofloxacin by Chloride Ions: Performances Evaluation and Mechanism Insight with Different Anodes.

As chloride (Cl-) is a commonly found anion in natural water, it has a significant impact on electrocatalytic oxidation processes; yet, the mechanism of radical transformation on different types of anodes remains unexplored. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the influence of chlorine-containing environments on the electrocatalytic degradation performance of levofloxacin using BDD, Ti4O7, and Ru-Ti electrodes. The comparative analysis of the electrode performance demonstrated that the presence of Cl- improved the removal and mineralization efficiency of levofloxacin on all the electrodes. The enhancement was the most pronounced on the Ti4O7 electrode and the least significant on the Ru-Ti electrode. The evaluation experiments and EPR characterization revealed that the increased generation of hydroxyl radicals and active chlorine played a major role in the degradation process, particularly on the Ti4O7 anode. The electrochemical performance tests indicated that the concentration of Cl- affected the oxygen evolution potentials of the electrode and consequently influenced the formation of hydroxyl radicals. This study elucidates the mechanism of Cl- participation in the electrocatalytic degradation of chlorine-containing organic wastewater. Therefore, the highly chlorine-resistant electrocatalytic anode materials hold great potential for the promotion of the practical application of the electrocatalytic treatment of antibiotic wastewater.

[Trametenolic acid inhibits migration and invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2.2.15 cells via RhoC/ROCK1 pathway].

This study investigated the effect of trametenolic acid(TA) on the migration and invasion of human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2.2.15 cells by using Ras homolog gene family member C(RhoC) as the target and probed into the mechanism, aiming to provide a basis for the utilization of TA. The methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium(MTT) assay was employed to examine the proliferation of HepG2.2.15 cells exposed to TA, and scratch and Transwell assays to examine the cell migration and invasion. The pull down assay was employed to determine the impact of TA on RhoC GTPase activity. Western blot was employed to measure the effect of TA on the transport of RhoC from cytoplasm to cell membrane and the expression of RhoC/Rho-associated kinase 1(ROCK1)/myosin light chain(MLC)/matrix metalloprotease 2(MMP2)/MMP9 pathway-related proteins. RhoC was over-expressed by transient transfection of pcDNA3.1-RhoC. The changes of F-actin in the cytoskeleton were detected by Laser confocal microscopy. In addition, the changes of cell migration and invasion, expression of proteins in the RhoC/ROCK1/MLC/MMP2/MMP9 pathway, and RhoC GTPase activity were detected. The subcutaneously transplanted tumor model of BALB/c nude mice and the low-, medium-, and high-dose(40, 80, and 120 mg·kg~(-1), respectively) TA groups were established and sorafenib(20 mg·kg~(-1)) was used as the positive control. The tumor volume and weight in each group were measured, and the expression of related proteins in the tumor tissue was determined by Western blot. The results showed that TA inhibited the proliferation of HepG2.2.15 cells in a concentration-dependent manner, with the IC_(50) of 66.65 and 23.09 µmol·L~(-1) at the time points of 24 and 48 h, respectively. The drug administration groups had small tumors with low mass. The tumor inhibition rates of sorafenib and low-, medium-and high-dose TA were 62.23%, 26.48%, 55.45%, and 62.36%, respectively. TA reduced migrating and invading cells and inhibited RhoC protein expression and RhoC GTPase activity in a concentration-dependent manner, dramatically reducing RhoC and membrane-bound RhoC GTPase. The expression of ROCK1, MLC, p-MLC, MMP2, and MMP9 downstream of RhoC can be significantly inhibited by TA, as confirmed in both in vitro and in vivo experiments. After HepG2.2.15 cells were transfected with pcDNA3.1-RhoC to overexpress RhoC, TA down-regulated the protein levels of RhoC, ROCK1, MLC, p-MLC, MMP2, and MMP9 and decreased the activity of RhoC GTPase, with the inhibition level comparable to that before overexpression. In summary, TA can inhibit the migration and invasion of HepG2.2.15 cells. It can inhibit the RhoC/ROCK1/MLC/MMP2/MMP9 signaling pathway by suppressing RhoC GTPase activity and down-regulating RhoC expression. This study provides a new idea for the development of autophagy modulators targeting HSP90α to block the proliferation and inhibit the invasion and migration of hepatocellular carcinoma cells via multiple targets of active components in traditional Chinese medicines.

Radical-Mediated Decarboxylative C-C and C-S Couplings of Carboxylic Acids via Iron Photocatalysis.

Despite the significant success of decarboxylative radical reactions, the catalytic systems vary considerably upon different radical acceptors, requiring renewed case-by-case reaction optimization. Herein, we developed an iron catalytic condition that enables the highly efficient decarboxylation of various carboxylic acids for a range of radical transformations. This operationally simple protocol was amenable to a wide array of radical acceptors, delivering structurally diverse oxime ethers, alkenylation, alkynylation, thiolation, and amidation products in useful to excellent yields (>40 examples, up to 95% yield).

UV-ARTP compound mutagenesis breeding improves macrolactins production of Bacillus siamensis and reveals metabolism changes by proteomic.

Macrolactins are a type of compound with complex macrolide structure which mainly be obtained through microbiological fermentation now. They have excellent antifungal, antibacterial and antitumor activity. In order to improve macrolactins production, Bacillus siamensis YB304 was used as the research object, and a mutant Mut-K53 with stable genetic characters was selected by UV-ARTP compound mutagenesis. The yield of macrolactins was 156.46 mg/L, 3.95 times higher than original strain. The metabolic pathway changes and regulatory mechanism of macrolactins were analyzed by quantitative proteomics combined with parallel reaction monitoring. This study revealed that 1794 proteins were extracted from strain YB304 and strain Mut-K53, most of them were related to metabolism. After UV-ARTP compound mutagenesis treatment, the expression of 628 proteins were significantly changed, of which 299 proteins were significantly up-regulated. KEGG pathway analysis showed that differentially expression proteins mainly distributed in biological process, cellular component, and molecular function processing pathways. Such as utilization of carbon sources, glycolysis pathway, and amino acid metabolism pathway. Furthermore, key precursor substances such as acyl-CoA and amino acids of macrolactin biosynthesis are mostly up-regulated, which are one of the main reasons for increased production of macrolactin.This study will provide a new way to increase the yield of macrolactins through mutagenesis breeding and proteomics.

B7-H1 agonists suppress the PI3K/AKT/mtor pathway by degrading p110γ and independently induce cell death.

The biological role of B7-H1 intrinsic signal is reportedly diverse and controversial, its signal pathway remains unclear. Although B7-H1 blocking antibodies were found to have agonist capacity, their binding features and agonist mechanisms need further investigation. Here, by constructing cell strains with full-length or truncated B7-H1, we found that B7-H1 functioned as a receptor to transmit cell death signal from PD-1 protein or anti-B7-H1s through its cytoplasmic domain. Specific binding to the IgV-like domain of B7-H1 was required for the downstream signal. Upon agonists interaction, B7-H1 regulated the degradation of phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) subunit p110γ, subsequently inhibited the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, and significantly increased autophagy. Moreover, B7-H1 agonists also suppressed ubiquitylation in B7-H1+cells by reducing ubiquitin-activating enzyme (E1), eventually leading to cell death. Finally, we validated the receptor role of B7-H1 in multiple tumor cells and demonstrated that B7-H1 agonists could suppress tumor progression independent of T cells in vivo. Our findings revealed that B7-H1 agonists functions as a PI3K inhibitor and may offer new strategies for PI3K targeting therapy.

Expression of interferon regulatory factor family and its prognostic value in acute myeloid leukemia.

Aim: To elucidate the clinicopathological and prognostic values of interferon regulatory factor (IRF) family genes in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Patients & methods: Differential expression analysis and survival analysis from several reliable databases were conducted and further validated using patients with AML. Results: The expression level of IRF1/2/4/5/7/8/9 in patients with AML was upregulated, while IRF3/6 expression was downregulated. High IRF1/7/9 expression indicated a worse overall survival rate. Conclusion: Overexpression of IRF1/7/9 may be associated with poor survival in patients with AML, suggesting that the IRF family may be a promising therapeutic target.

Role of Heteronucleants in Melt Crystallization of Crystalline Solid Dispersions.

Few publications exist concerning polymorphic control during melt crystallization, particularly when employing heteronucleants. Here, the influence of a polymeric thin film (polyethylene terephthalate, PET) on the crystallization from melt of the polymorphic compound acetaminophen (ACM) in polyethylene glycol (PEG) was investigated. Molten ACM-PEG at different compositions was monitored using in situ Raman spectroscopy for nucleation induction time measurements and phase identification. Furthermore, X-ray diffraction (XRD) served to analyze the preferred orientation (PO) of the pastilles (solidified melt droplets) on PET-coated and uncoated substrates. The results indicate that PET-coated substrates qualitatively accelerate the nucleation of ACM form II (ACM II) in PEG compared to uncoated glass substrates. Additionally, the occurrence of ACM II in PEG was increased by an average of 10% when crystallized on PET-coated substrates compared to uncoated substrates. Overall, these results suggest that ACM can interact through hydrogen bonding with the PET-coated substrate, leading to faster nucleation. This investigation illustrates the effect of PET-coated substrates in the selective crystallization of ACM II in PEG as crystalline solid dispersions (CSDs). Ultimately, the results suggest the implementation of polymeric heteronucleants in melt crystallization processes, specifically, in advanced polymer-based formulation processes for the enhanced polymorphic form control of pharmaceutical compounds in CSDs.

Glioblastoma behavior study under different frequency electromagnetic field.

The tumor-treating fields (TTFields) technology has revolutionized the management of recurrent and newly diagnosed glioblastoma (GBM) cases. To ameliorate this treatment modality for GBM and other oncological conditions, it is necessary to understand the biophysical principles of TTFields better. In this study, we further analyzed the mechanism of the electromagnetic exposure with varying frequencies and electric field strengths on cells in mitosis, specifically in telophase. In reference to previous studies, an intuitive finite element model of the mitotic cell was built for electromagnetic simulations, predicting a local increase in the cleavage furrow region, which may help explain TTFields' anti-proliferative effects. Cell experiments confirmed that the reduction in proliferation and migration of glioma cell by TTFields was in a frequency- and field-strength-dependent manner. This work provides unique insights into the selection of frequencies in the anti-proliferative effect of TTFields on tumors, which could improve the application of TTFields.